I would say LITS is right on point. Just be realistic with yourself.
You don't even know what your goals look like yet; do you want to be a guideon, a department head, the company commander... academic goals are a little easier to understand because you've already been in academics for 8+ years of receiving actual grades, but still, at CGA you generally need to prioritize, so it becomes trickier.
However, I'll still answer the question. You said goals for EACH year, so I'll generalize and try to give you a good answer that you'll grasp without being at CGA yet.
Swab Summer: keep yourself afloat first, and then you can keep others afloat. Two drowning guys can't save each other, it takes a strong swimmer to hold up anyone else. When I say be a strong swimmer, I mean be secure in who you are mentally, stay confident but not arrogant, stay positive, and give off positive vibes that will infect the rest of the group. Stay physically fit before you arrive. You don't need to be the fastest, strongest, toughest, but don't be the weakest.
4/c year: Observe everyone around you. Take mental notes on what leaders, be it peers, 3/c, 2/c, 1/c, or chiefs and officers do that you like, and what they dislike. Try to figure out why you like or dislike those things. Strive to be the 4/c everyone can count on.
3/c summer: learn as much as you can, and DO as much as you can. get dirty, volunteer for everything. BE AN ASSET to the team, no matter where you go and what your tasks are. Chip paint and lay down non-stick like it's your life's goal.
3/c year: Focus on becoming a cadre, and what the most important things were to you when you were a 4/c and a swab. Start thinking about it. Lead your 4/c, and strike a good balance between a mentor without being a friend.
2/c summer: cadre summer, apply what you learned. be consistent, and leave a good legacy to your swabs. The rest of the summer, just learn as much as you can, it's pretty hectic.
2/c year: continue to mentor, and to learn. Learn how to lead from a few steps away, so getting your 3/c to treat your 4/c the way you expect that they should. Apply for guideon position, if it interests you, and do well as you enter your academic major. do research, think about what you want to do in the CGA. research internships or positions for the summer.
1/c summer: learn what it means to be an officer, stay out of trouble, and learn as much as you can about how the Coast guard works. Be an asset to the team.
1/c year: lead from 3 steps away; get your entire division working the way you want, and strive to set the best example you can. you're now leading upwards of 3-6 people, more if you are a department head, XO, or CC. the tone comes from you, and everything that happens will be blamed on you. Use this as your practice run for everything you've learned about leadership, and fine-tune it.
ENS: i have no idea, ask me in 9 days to a year.
I guarantee you won't need any of this information, because you'll be too tunnel visioned by the walls of Chase to even remember you posted this.
BUT, just put one foot in front of the other, and keep your eyes open, and you'll be fine. Don't get your goals too far ahead, or you'll miss what's happening right in front of you. Don't get complacent, and don't get arrogant.