I am an Active Duty Nurse Corps Major with 26 years of Active duty. I can answer your questions about the "Army Nurse Corps."
You are asking many questions that are not easy to answer. I will try my best.
Her first duty assignment will be as a medical-surgical nurse. This is essential in order to develop a strong foundation in nursing.
After 1 year she is able to specialize in Labor and Delivery, OR, ICU, etc. I spent 1 year on a medical surgical floor and then specialized as a perioperative (OR) nurse.
Where she gets stationed after she specializes depends on what she specializes in. Not every hospital had a an operating room, or a Labor and Delivery.. etc.
Also you do not have to specialize. Many decide not to specialize and stay as a 66H (Medical Surgical Nurse).
Her primary duties will be clinical until she is senior CPT or so. This depends on the staffing situation and her leadership abilities. Eventually she will progress to charge nurse of a shift to head nurse of a section (Clinical Nurse Officer in Charge).
It is impossible to predict deployments. That depends on the political atmosphere and her job, if she decides to specialize.
She will have a chance to seek an advanced degree. I am not sure on the timeline. Some of that depends on her. Somewhere around the 5-7 year mark she will be able to go to long term schooling. I have done this twice. The military values education and there will be many opportunities for her to obtain a degree. The military paid for my master's and PHD in nursing. If she wants to become an advanced practice nurse, like a nurse practitioner, then she will have that opportunity.
A typical deployment would probably be at a combat support hospital. We also have Forward Support Teams, etc, but those are manned by less people. A deployment would be 6-9 months. I deployed to Iraq twice and it was the most rewarding experience of my life. It is an honor to take care of America's Son's and Daughter's. You also take care of the enemy combatants as well. Her job during a deployment would be to perform nursing care, although the injuries are typically more severe. According to the Geneva Convention , she is a non-combatant. As a nurse she would be in one of the safer roles in the military. There are no "safe" roles, but statistically speaking, there were only a handful of deaths to military nurses compared to the fighting force.
As far as family life, I met my wife in the Army. We have four kids. They were all born in military hospitals. 2 are grown now and are successful. They all love the military. My wife decided to get out a few years ago and work as a civilian. It's a wonderful life, but not easy. It is demanding and stressful, but very rewarding.
I have been stationed all over the world - Italy, Germany, Hawaii, many conus assignments. I love the population I provide care to, our Nation's Warriors and their families.
If you are a planner, then the military will be hard for you. It is very unpredictable as far as selecting assignments. Sometimes she will have a say in where she goes, and sometimes she will have to go wherever the military needs her the most. It is the military after all.
I don't mind talking to either of you on the phone, if you have any questions.
Send me a PM and and I will send you my number.