Red v. White v. Black has to do with hull color.
Red hulls are ice breakers. There are four red hulls. Three of them, POLAR SEA, POLAR STAR, and HEALY are out of Seattle, WA and the fourth, MACKINAW is on the Great Lakes. It's a very small community, with some of the largest ships. The "Polar Rollers" are both 399' and HEALY is 420'. MACKINAW is 240'. All are very wide.
Black hulls' missions generally center on "aids to navigation". The sizes vary, but some of the main classes include 225' and 175'. The odd ball's are the 140', which are Bay class ice breaking tugs. Yes, they break ice, but they have black hulls.
Finally, white hulls make up the bulk of the fleet and have a wide range of missions from law enforcement, homeland security operations, defense operations, search and rescue, fisheries. The main sizes that make up the white hull fleet are: 87', 110', 210', 270', 378', and 418'. There are a few odd balls as well. I was on a 210'. The bulk of the missions most people associate with the Coast Guard are done by the white hull fleet.
The three large ice breakers out of Seattle and all of the white hulls, with the exception of the 87', 110' and Acushnet (Queen of the Fleet), have flight decks for helicopters.
You can find pictures and information on
http://www.uscg.mil/datasheet/.
Staff tours are fairly random. Every operational specialty has a staff component somewhere....mostly at Coast Guard Headquarters. They manage the changes to the manuals that apply and the over all programs.