If I may, I can't speak directly to the links between courses like these and armed-forces officership, but I DO get the question "Why do I/does my DS/DD have to take calculus, physics, American history (etc.) for her biology degree?"
It's a legitimate question. In the case of the biology students I advise, I tell them as freshmen that in order for me to be their major advisor, they'll have to plan on taking a full year of calculus, and calc-based physics (major requirements here are weak: a semester of college algebra or statistics, and a semester of algebra-based phyics). There are at least two reasons. One is that I was trained as a mathematical biologist, and I'm biased - biased toward helping my students understand that the sciences including biology are heavily based in the symbols and logic of mathematics.
The second gets to this broader question of why all the math and science make for a better officer specifically, and citizen of the world more generally. Science is about valuing evidence over opinions; it is about being skeptical about claims until they can be matched with evidence or reserving those claims if they cannot be matched with evidence; and it is a system in which, potentially, anyone can contribute regardless of personal or economic circumstances - as long as they're about the evidence too. Science is the closest thing to a little-d democracy in academe and society. Liekwise, mathematics is more than just dN/dt=rN. It is much more about bounding and setting up complex and messy problems, engaging in multiple solution paths, and persevering in seeking solutions - not right answers, solutions, which may be merely "good enough" not right or exact or correct or perfect. Mathematics is about embracing ambiguity and uncertainty, but doing it in systematic ways that other people can follow and replicate if they want. And it strikes me that those are all things that good officers and citizens also do. That's why my students all take a lot of math with their major program, and I'm guessing (soundly, I bet) why the SAs require such intense loads that even English majors graduate with Bachelor of Science degrees.