When you graduate from USNA, and after training, you will go to an operational unit in one of the big 5: Ships, subs, aviation, SEALS, or Marines. You will be a division officer or platoon leader of about 15-30 sailors or Marines and be responsible for their training, performance, and welfare.
After a couple of sea tours, you can apply for a specialized field (like AEDO-Aeronautical Engineering Duty Officer) and at that point you leave the operational Navy and you stay in whatever support branch you have transferred to. While the promotion opportunities in the specialized fields are good, you will never command ships/subs/aircraft/Marines in combat nor will you ever be CNO. The Navy is not interested in matching diplomas to a junior officer job. Your academic knowledge is a "value added" aspect of your career as a Naval Officer and would be used, if at all, as you get more senior.
By the way, just because you have a engineering degree does NOT mean you go to aviation. A pilot can have an Economics degree, a sub officer can have an English degree, and a Marine officer a Electrical Engineering degree. USNA's mission is to train Navy/Marine officers to lead men (now women) in combat operations. It is not a government jobs program although the advertising would somehow make you think so. Your assumption, while off, is not unusual and I fault the Academy PR for it. Think of it this way, the Navy is really interested in training it's Academy grads to be warriors in combat units, not support officers and even then the support officers need to get operational experience before they transfer.
Having said all that, the Air Force and Army DO have opportunities where a CERTAIN LIMITED NUMBER of graduates go to fields reflecting their degree. Such as AF can send an Economic major to their purchasing offices for a career (ugh!).
Cyber security is such a new field there is no 20 year career path laid out to my knowledge, but if someone knows new information I am sure they will post.