Good answer above. I'll add a little bit more as far as job categories. Some of the major position types include:
1. Command--examples could be Chief Clerk (3*), Superintendent/Group Supt/1st Sgt/Command Chief (2*), Wing Commander/Group Commander/Squadron Commander (1*)
(The following categories have little variation as far as position titles go. Generally, 3*'s will be "XYZ Clerk", 2*'s will be "XYZ NCO", and 1*'s will be "XYZ Officer". These positions are also available at Group and Wing level for 2*'s and 1*'s.)
2. Training (in charge of 4* training and discipline)
3. Support/Morale, Welfare, and Recreation (MWR) (beautifies the squadron, plans and executes squadron events such as dining outs, tailgates, BBQ's, etc.)
4. Standardization and Evaluation (Stan/Eval, grades knowledge tests, grades other squadrons on inspections)
5. PEER (advisor to fellow cadets on personal or cadet issues, basically a counselor)
6. Major Training Events (MTE; assists in planning and executing "major" training activities such as Commandant's Weekend, Recognition, etc.)
7. IT (helps with technology in squad, primarily maintaining the squad printer from what I have seen)
8. Honor (advisors and experts on the Honor Code, assist and advise others who may be involved in honor issues)
9. Public Affairs (publishes squad newsletter/maintains bulletin boards/etc.)
10. Safety/Security (deliver safety/security briefings and advise their units on safety issues)
11. Athletic (help coordinate intramurals, inform others on AFT/PFT/Recondo or other athletic program information as needed)
12. Academic (deliver academic success briefings, work with those on Academic Probation)
13. Cadet Service Leadership (CSL; plans, coordinates, and announces community service opportunities)
14. Character (delivers briefings on character issues such as suicide prevention and [I think] sexual assault prevention, helps facilitate major character events such as NCLS [National Character and Leadership Symposium]--not 100% sure of all the things they do TBH)
There are other, more isolated jobs, such as Unit Colors or Guidon Bearer (3*), that don't fit into the above classifications. I won't mention these for time's sake. However, the bulk of cadet jobs fall within these categories.
Another thing--all 3*'s are assigned a 4* "coachee" who they mentor on the various aspects of cadet life. This is in addition to their other job.
4*'s have very limited leadership opportunities, but this past year, at least most squads had the 4* position of Class Representative/Flight Chief. This position involved serving as a liaison between upperclassmen (often training staff) and 4*'s.
(I know I am missing other various details about jobs, too--maybe some current cadets could help me out if needed.

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Feel free to PM me if you have any specific questions about these job categories, and I will be happy to provide more details.